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It's so bizarre that of all West-Slavic languages, Slovak and Slovenian are the closest to Russian. It's very interesting. I'd love to go over there to see if I'd understand everything they say.
A bit of history with Jiphy.
I assume that you know about the two monks who went away to evangelise the Slavs ?
They stayed on long time in Great Moravia (from East Bohemia to Central Slovakia and a part of the Hungarian “Puszta”) where they translated the Bible into “Protoslav” (I think it is said so) using what was to be called later Cyrillic letters.
This makes that Slovak is the closest language to this “Protoslav” even if it is written in Latin letters – but we will talk about it later. Speaking Slovak allows you to grab almost everything in the other Slavic languages.
So then, why letters changed to Latin letters. I do not remember when it happened but I think that the main reason is the division of the Church of Roma and the one of Byzance (sorry, I only know this name in French). The oldest way to write Slavic languages with Latin letters is almost still in use in Polish. By Hus, the orthography changed : Ш as you know it in Russian is SZ in Polish and Š in the other languages.
Then, why do you feel that Slovenian and Slovak are very close ? Firstly, for the reason I told you about for the “Protoslav”. Secondly, because Slovaks and Slovenes used to live in the same place until the Hungarian invasion. When the Hungarians finally settled, they did it in the plain. Slovenes and Slovaks moved to the mountains in order to find refuge. As the Hungarians were between them, the common language did change in two different languages.
It is also funny to see that Slovak is the language that influenced the most the Hungarian one. As Hungarians were nomads, they had a lack of vocabulary. Therefore you can find Slovak words in Hungarian. The Plain of Hungary is called Magyar Puszta, puszta being a word coming from pusta. You have some funny other examples. Family, SK čalada, HU csálad – Cat, SK mačka, HU macska…
Well, I hope it gave you a part of answer to what you were wondering about.
edit : East Bohemia, sorry